Marketing communication mix Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Advertising correspondence blend - Assignment Example The current investigation would concentrate on coordinated promoting correspondence as an arrangement of advertising which connects the correspondence work with the segments of showcasing and it targets illuminating and convincing possible clients to purchase products and ventures. Notwithstanding the advancement components of advertising, the incorporated promoting correspondence blend may utilize online apparatuses in the building up an unmistakable message and passing it to the shoppers with the goal that they can be convinced to buy and utilize a particular item or administration. Finne and Gronroos state that the item inside the promoting blend is the merchandise or administrations that an organization gives. In advertising correspondence, organizations target making attention to the buyers of the items on their accessibility and characteristics. The cost speaks to the expense of the items and this incorporates explicit highlights of the cost, for example, limits. The cost of an item impacts the ability of the clients to buy and expend a decent or administration. Inside the showcasing blend, the spot speaks to where the customers can get the item to fulfill their requirements while advancement is the way toward educating buyers concerning the item utilizing different systems to persuade the shopper to perchance and utilize the great or administration. Thusly promoting correspondence blend is the advertising of a company’s administrations and products to the shoppers with due contemplations of the Ps in showcasing in light of the fact that they are firmly related in deciding the achievement of the advertising technique when all is said in done. Hughes and Fill (2007, p. 55), declare that incorporation of promoting correspondence blend implies that the perspectives and segments of the advertising blend are consolidated or joined with the goal that the showcasing correspondence transfers a solitary message to the customers. Lee and Park (2007, p. 222), clarifies that promoting correspondence blend is important in light of the fact that when various messages are conveyed to clients, they become befuddling and as results the notoriety of the brand of an organization is harmed. Joining in the promoting correspondence blend can be outlined by an organization which utilizes a similar logo, messages and pictures in al correspondence media, for example, papers, TV and retail location. This consequently exhibits the significant job of advertising correspondence blend in building the brand of an organization inside the objective market through the joining of the messages imparted to the customers. With the appearance of present day innovation and its wide application in advertising different products and enterprises, it must be incorporated to make it corresponding to the more extensive advancement blend. Keller (2001, p. 829) says that the requirement for coordination of the advertising correspondence blend is required by the intelligenc e abilities of showcasing media which is an attribute of correspondence by means of the web by means of the web based life. This shows there is a need to orchestrate the customary showcasing approaches with the new media. In addition, incorporation of showcasing endeavors empowers an organization t arrange different correspondence drug

The Best IB Chemistry Books, Reviewed

The Best IB Chemistry Books, Reviewed SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips To get An in IB Chemistry SL/HL and a 7 on the test, you should utilize the best examination materials for your learning style. In this article, I will audit some IB Chemistry SL/HL books to assist you with narrowing your pursuit. Note: I'm just including IB Chemistry Books from 2012 or fresher. I don't suggest concentrating with more seasoned books as they in all probability don't relate to the latest IB Chemistry schedule. Who Should Use This Article? This post is for IB Chemistry understudies who are need to do well in the homeroom and on the IB Chemistry SL/HL test. In case you're searching for a book that will assist you with packing for a couple of days before the IB test, any of the books we notice beneath will work for you. Be that as it may, in case you're hoping to pro the test, it's ideal to pick a book that will help supplement what you realize in class. In the event that that is your objective, you should pick the book cautiously. Ensure you're picking an examination book that accommodates your remarkable needs! Top IB Chemistry SL/HL Books I’ve split the best IB Chemistry books into a couple of classes to assist you with settling on your choice: Best Textbook: This content is our general champ. It's the best book to assist you with learning all through the school year, regardless of your qualities or shortcomings. Best Study Resource for Quick Learning During the School Year:This is our top proposal for all understudies to ace subjects rapidly. Best Study Guide for Mid-Scoring Students:This content gives more top to bottom clarifications to the individuals who need somewhat more assistance understanding the material. Best Value Study Guide:This book will give you the most blast for your (constrained) buck. Book to Avoid:This book comes up short on the entirety of the material you have to succeed. Best IB Chemistry Textbook IB Chemistry Course Book: 2014 Edition: Oxford IB Diploma Program Cost on Amazon: about $58 Depiction: This is the go-to course book for IB Chemistry SL/HL. The Oxford University Press is the main distributer planning straightforwardly with the IBO to make their books, which implies they better understand what the IBO needs you to realize and what they will anticipate that you should know for the IB test. They're additionally ready to make the most reasonable practice IB Chemistry issues. Masters: Grown legitimately with contribution from the IBO Top notch clarifications Sensible practice questions Composed intelligently, with training coordinated all through Cons: This course reading is intensive in its inclusion of the prospectus, yet it won't assist you with finding the best examination strategy for your learning style. It The most ideal route for you to read for IB Chemistry may not be spread to cover! Tragically, this book doesn't give clear direction on how best to tweak its substance for your necessities Doesn't contain study systems or test techniques More costly than different aides Best Study Guide for Mid-Scoring Students IB Chemistry Study Guide: 2014 Edition: Oxford IB Diploma Program Cost on Amazon:about $34 Depiction: This is the go-to IB Chemistry Study Guide when you have restricted time to contemplate. Likewise distributed by The Oxford University Press, this examination manage supplements the IB Chemistry Course Book referenced previously. This book separates subjects into fathomable segments, with pictures to help concrete ideas. Additionally, IB Chemistry test planning material is incorporated to ensure you exceed expectations on the IB Chemistry test. Aces: Grown straightforwardly with the IB Great substance Reasonable practice issues and test material Sorted out intelligently, with training coordinated soundly Extremely intensive for the individuals who need some additional assistance notwithstanding their course reading/class addresses Cons: This book is better for carefulness and not generally excellent for tweaked prep More costly than different aides Best Study Resource for Fast Learning Throughout the School Year IB Chemistry (SL and HL) Examination Flashcard Study System: IB Test Practice Questions Review for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program (Cards) Cost on Amazon: about $44 Portrayal: Flashcards are a decent report alternative for IB Chemistry since there are numerous points of interest to remember. These cheat sheets help separate the subjects into sensible segments, with the goal that you can without much of a stretch retain significant data. Not at all like the Oxford University Press, this organization doesn't work with IBO, however they utilize the IB Chemistry schedule to ensure they spread all subjects. These cheat sheets are an extraordinary asset to use for concentrating during the school year for your in-class IB Chemistry tests. You can concentrate just on the appropriate cheat sheets for each test. Despite the fact that there are no IB test practice questions, these cheat sheets are still useful for test audit since they spread center ideas. Since the greater part of the IB Chemistry test questions request that you rehash retained realities, (for example, requesting that you choose â€Å"Which explanation about reactivity is correct?†), these cheat sheets are an extraordinary instrument to assist you with getting a 7 on your test. Professionals: Created utilizing the IB Chemistry prospectus Gives an excellent substance survey Separates enormous subjects into little sensible parts Sorted out by subject, making it simple to assist you with retaining consistently, not only for the IB test Cons: Doesn't offer guidance on the best way to utilize the cheat sheets to examine. I urge you to utilize our cascade technique These cheat sheets simply have space for brief clarifications. In the event that you don't comprehend a subject, you should allude back to another asset to help concrete comprehension. More costly than different aides Best Value Study Guide IB Chemistry Notes by Vincent Keat Standard Leveland Higher Level Cost on Amazon:About $19 Portrayal: What I love about these books is that they are subject explicit. These notes were composed after the IB Chemistry SL and HL schedule. They contain completely worked models on every subject and are a perfect asset for test arrangement all through the school year just as for the IB Chemistry test. Masters: Created utilizing the IB Chemistry schedule Top notch content audit Completely worked instances of every subject Generally modest Cons: Doesn't contain full practice tests Doesn't contain study procedures or test systems Book to Avoid IB Chemistry (SL and HL) Examination Secrets Study Guide: IB Test Review for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program (Mometrix Secrets Study Guides) Cost on Amazon:about $50 Portrayal: This investigation manage for IB Chemistry covers the center subjects of the schedule including some training inquiries for paper 1 (the different decision segment of the test). Notwithstanding, it doesn't audit any of the choices (tried on paper 3 of the IB Chemistry test) or incorporate any training for paper 2 inquiries. Geniuses: Centered survey of IB Chemistry center themes Incorporates practice inquiries from paper 1 with itemized answer clarifications Incorporates test tips and procedures Cons: Costly contrasted with different materials Missing survey of the alternatives, which mean â… of the IB Chemistry test Missing survey of paper 2 inquiries, which mean â… of the IB Chemistry test This book is too costly to even think about spending cash on when it is missing â… of the material expected to prevail on the IB Chemistry test Other (Free) Study Resources While these are extraordinary examination helps, we realize they can be entirely expensive. Find other free IB Chemistry study assets in our IB Chemistry Study Guide.Also, look at our article on where to discover IB Chemistry past papers to assist you with rehearsing for the test. What’s Next? Get familiar with IB Chemistry by checking outthe complete IB science prospectus. Attempting to make sense of what extracurricular you ought to do? Get familiar with partaking in Science Olympiad, beginning a club, accomplishing humanitarian effort, andjoining Student Government. Reading for the SAT? Look at our total manual for the SAT.Taking the SAT in the following month? Look at our manual for packing. Not certain where you need to head off to college? Look at our manual for finding your objective school.Also, make sense of your objective SAT score or target ACT score. These suggestions depend exclusively on our insight and experience. In the event that you buy a thing through one of our connections, PrepScholar may get a commission. Need to improve your SAT score by 160 or your ACT score by 4? We've composed a guide for each test about the best 5 techniques you should use to have a taken shots at improving your score. Download it with the expectation of complimentary at this point:

37 Tips for Writing Emails that Get Opened, Read, and Clicked

37 Tips for Writing Emails that Get Opened, Read, and Clicked Do you find it a challenge getting subscribers to open, read and click your emails?You spend a lot of time writing what you believe is a great email, you double check the grammar to make sure that there are no typos and other silly mistakes, craft what you believe is a clever subject line for your email, and then with a satisfied smile on your face, you click on the send button, waiting confidently to see an increase in page views, sales, or whatever you wanted to achieve by sending the email.After all, email is touted to be the most effective form of advertising, right?Unfortunately, things do not go as you expected.The surge in sales, page views, or subscriptions that you were expecting does not materialize.Checking your email stats, you realize that majority of your subscribers did not even open the email you sent.Among those who did, only an even smaller portion of them read it to the end and clicked-through as you wanted them to.Realizing that your subscribers are not reading an d clicking through your emails can be greatly disappointing. However, if you have experienced this, you are not alone. Majority of marketers are struggling with the same problem.Actually, emails not getting opened is a pretty common occurrence.For a minute, I want you to think about your non-work related email. How many emails are sitting unread in your inbox?I’m willing to bet there’s a bunch of them, and the reasons that made you not to open these emails are the same reasons why your subscribers are doing the same to your emails.However, just because your emails are not being read does not mean that you need to give up on your email marketing efforts. Email still provides you with a vast market and an awesome opportunity to market your products and services.Email has become a very influential channel of communication in this rapidly globalizing world.By the end of this year, email users are projected to rise up to 2.9 billion globally.Approximately 100 billion emails are sent to audiences in the world â€" a number that is expected to double by the end of 2020 according to research conducted by the Radicati group from 2015 to 2019.Currently, email marketing is among the top sources methods used for Business to Business communication.Studies have also revealed that 86% of business executives use email when communicating with their clients and for major business reasons. 59% of business managers and leaders acknowledge email marketing as their most effective medium for revenue generation.The above stats show that email is an important marketing tool, and therefore, you should not get tempted to ditch email marketing just because your subscribers have not been reading and clicking through your emails.What you should do instead is to learn how to write emails that get opened, read and clicked.Of course, this requires you to do something more than just writing an email and sending it out to your subscribers.You need to employ some tactics and strategy.To help you with this, we have compiled for you 37 tips that will increase the likelihood of your emails getting opened, read and clicked.TIPS FOR CREATING A CONNECTION WITH YOUR SUBSCRIBERSOnce again, I want you to think about your email inbox.Are there emails that you that you look forward to receiving? More importantly, do these emails come from your friend or some corporation? Easy to answer, right?You look forward to emails from your friends than you do to emails from some random corporations.You want your subscribers to anticipate your emails just like you do your friend’s.This means that you have to approach your email list just like you do your friend. You need to build a connection with them just like you have a connection with your friend.Below are some tips to help you build such a connection and get your subscribers looking forward to your emails.1. Treat Your Subscribers Like You Would Your FriendWhen sending out emails to your subscribers, you don’t want to come across as a big corporation seeking out click-throughs. You want to come across as a friend.This means that you need to drop the corporate sound and look and instead adopt the same kind of conversational and respectful tone you would use with a friend.Interact with your subscribers like you would with a friend, with the aim of building a trustworthy relationship with them.2. Personalize Your EmailsStop calling them subscribers. This only enhances the corporate tone. It shows that the email is a broadcast message addressed to many people without caring about who they are as individuals.What you want to do in this case is to personalize the email with your recipient’s name.This makes them feel special, like you are writing that email to no one else but them.This adds a more personal touch to the reader. Emails with a personalized subject line are 22% more likely to get opened, according to Khalid Saleh, founder of Invesp.3. Sign Off With Your NameSigning off the email with your own name allow s the email to come across as more personal. It also shows that you have nothing to hide.Compare someone who signs off their emails with “Head of Marketing, Company XYZ” to another who signs of their emails with “Kev, Company XYZ.”The second sign off is more personal.The reader knows that they have this friend named Kev who emails then on a particular day and tells them something of value. With time, they will start looking forward to Kev’s email.4. Add ValueDon’t just siphon your reader’s energy by always asking them to sign up for something or click through an ad. Offer something in return too.Give them information that is helpful to them without necessarily asking for something in return. Like a real friend.5. Give Them an Actual BenefitOffer them a reward for being a faithful subscriber.This could be a discount or something for free. Research shows people love free stuff, and using the word “free” in your email will increase the chances of your email being read .6. EmpathizeYour friends need to know that you share in their struggles.Show your clients that you understand the struggles they are going through, and that they do not need to go through these struggles alone, which is why you are offering your help.7. Don’t Waste Their TimeOnly send an email when you have something useful to say.Don’t clutter their inboxes with unnecessary messages. Remember, you also do not like such emails.If they realize that your emails only come to waste their time, your emails will start finding their way into more and more spam boxes.8. Be HonestLike the saying goes, honesty is the best policy.Don’t overpromise when you cannot deliver. Give them realistic gains of what you are selling. With time, they will look to you as a reliable source and might even encourage their friends to subscribe to your email listing.9. Don’t Be WeirdYou do not want to be that creepy friend from whom you run away.While personalization is good, don’t mention your subscr iber’s name too often; it will sound like a script. While using their name once or twice gives the email a personal touch, using it too much will come across as creepy.TIPS TO GET YOUR EMAILS OPENEDYour subscriber has seen your email.However, it is not the only email in their inbox, so what gets them to open yours when there are several other emails competing for his or her attention?In addition, Gmail Tabs have made it harder to make you visible, depending on the tab in which your emails fall.Emails that land in the primary tabs currently have a 22% rate, whereas those that fall in the promotions tab have an open rate of 19.2%.In this section, let us take a look at tips on how to improve the chances of your emails getting opened.10. Nail Your Subject Line A smart way to beat Gmail at their game is by having a subject line that catches your audience’s attention. Research conducted by Business to Business community shows that 47% of your recipients will open your email based on t he subject line.The same study showed that 69% of them report the email as spam because of the same. Sending emails with subjects also promises marketers an opening rate of 8%.A subject line is like a headline; it grabs your audience’s attention.Even on an article, only the catchy headline will get the most viewership. Think of the rules that follow headlines because they are equitably consequential.Here are some tricks you could have on your sleeve when crafting that subject line and get your email rate increasing.11. Keep it Short and SweetGet straight to the point. The number of characters on your subject will most definitely impact your open rate. On average, subject lines usually have 44 characters.Most email experts recommend a 60 characters subject line, which is generally the optimum for most providers like Yahoo and Gmail. Shorter subject lines have proven to be more compelling rather than long ones.They are also more mysterious and can pique your recipient’s curiosity more than their counterparts.12. EmojisIn a world where everyone communicates with emojis, you do not want to be the only one who does not.Adding emojis to your subject line draws your audience’s attention, brings a personal touch and friendliness and ultimately increases your open rate.Emojis range from funny and trendy ones to conservative ones â€" trademark symbols, copyright and registered ones. They will convey an idea to your recipients, engage them, and evoke an emotion, thus increasing the likelihood of the email getting opened.13. Think MobileDid you know that 81% of Americans own a smartphone? This is crucial as many of your recipients open their emails on their phones. Source: Movable InkAccording to a study done by Movable Ink, mobile phones are the most popular email reading environments. The research shows that 65% of your recipients open their emails on their mobile devices.Google on the other hand reports that 75% of its Gmail users open and access their emails via their phones.Therefore, when crafting your subject line, ensure that it fits well with the mobile email display.Tip: Beware that most email clients will display up to 33 characters on mobile, though it might vary depending on the device.14. Try Out New ThingsDon’t always stick to the old way of doing things. Go against the norm and try out something new with your subject lines. You will never know what works and what doesn’t if you don’t try.15. Catch Their AttentionCatch your readers’ attention with emotionally charged, and powerful words which will make your line stand out amidst the clutter of emails.16. Be SimpleSimplicity usually beats cleverness every single time. Make sure your email subject is simple, clear, and specific.17. Learn From OthersSubscribe to other email listing and get to know how they write their subject lines.Especially those whose emails you open regularly. You might learn something new that will help you in the long run.TIPS TO INCREASE YOUR READ RATESo now you got your subscribers to open your e-mail.How do you get them to read what you have written?18. Avoid Automated GreetingsForget the automated addresses as your audience is well acquainted with them. Try something warmer and less, mechanic. You could say, “Greetings from Cold London!” or add a dash of humor in the greetings. This makes it more personal and friendly.19. Show UrgencyIf you want to call your subscribers to a particular action, the best way is to convey urgency in your message.While you don’t want to pressure your recipients, you want to compel them to deal with your email immediately. Something like “Only Two Days Remaining” might work.20. TimingEma il marketing is reliant on your email scheduling. Think of times when your subscribers are most likely to read your emails. This can be done by conducting email testing.A study by Campaign Monitor showed that the highest read rates are reported on the weekends â€" preferably Saturday and Sunday with the lowest being reported on Thursdays and Tuesdays.The study also showed that people mostly read their emails when they arrive at work and before they leave the office.A small percentage also checks them before they sleep. Read rates are high after lunch too.21. State the PurposeWhy are you sending this email? Don’t waste a lot of time before telling your recipients why you are sending the email.The earlier they know the reason behind the email, the more likely they are to continue reading â€" if you provide a good reason.22. Keep it ShortYour subject line is not the only thing you need to keep short.Remember your clients do not spend all their time going through emails. Long emails w ill deter your recipients from reading and might bore them to death.You want to keep them interested.23. Take Advantage of the Preview TextThis is the line that your subscribers will even before they open your email. It’s the second part of your email that you should consider apart from your subject line â€" the preview text supports your subject line.This is an opportunity you do not want to waste as it will pique the interest of your recipients.While some email clients might not offer the preview text, others like Gmail will highlight the first sentence of your body as the preview text. Use it to grab your reader’s attention.24. Segment Your ListYou ought to have done a quick analysis of your audience and should be aware of their likes and interests. This will make help make your content relevant to them.If you have a diverse audience, you could segment them by their industry or purchase.This way, you will be able to interact with your recipients at a closer level and send the m more relevant, focused, and specific content.25. Take Care of Your Email DesignMake sure your email design can fit all screen sizes.If your emails are too wide, your recipients will find it difficult to follow through your email and quit reading altogether. If your email is long, use subheadings to improve readability.26. Promise Some BenefitIf people know from the very onset that they will get some benefit from reading your email, they are more likely to read it to the end.27. Use NumbersNumbers make a person confident of what they are consuming and make the information appear more accurate.For instance, an email that talks about “how to make an extra $1000 on the side” is more likely to get read than one that talks about how to “make more money on the side.”28. Make them CuriousYou want to entice your audience. Seduce them. Share information that piques their curiosity.They will want to know more about what you are purporting. This is especially true for new reports.Lean ing towards controversy has also proven to be an effective way of making people curious.29. Instill Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)This works every single time. If you show your recipients that they are the only ones who haven’t tried out something and accompany the claim with evidence of people it has worked for, then you are on your way to getting that email read.30. Keep TestingKeep testing your email marketing tactics to see what techniques and results result in higher read rates. Conducting A/B tests is a good way of doing this.HOW TO INCREASE YOUR CLICK-THROUGH RATELow click-through rates have bad implications for your business â€" fewer leads, fewer sales, fewer subscriptions, and so on. This in turn decreases your earning potential.In this section, we will familiarize you with tips on how to boost your email click-through rate so you can increase your leads and improve your sales.31. Understand that Click Rates Vary and are Not Very HighDigital marketing pros usually contend th at a 10% click rate is a positive sign, but evidence shows that many email listings do not get any close to that rate.For example, sports emails happen to have a 7.5% click-through rate which is the highest. Legal emails, on the other hand, are lowest with a 1.05% click-rate.Therefore, don’t beat yourself up if you don’t achieve double digit click-through rates.32. Improve Your Open RateIf you do not have a high open-rate, you will get an even lower click-through rate. If people are not opening your emails, then you can bet no one is going to be clicking through.33. Use the Opt-InYou want your subscribers to give you their email address willingly.Give them a choice without forcing them to subscribe. Subscribers who gave you their email address willingly are more likely to interact with your emails, since it is already clear they are interested in your content.34. Provide Incentives for Clicking ThroughInstead of simply asking your readers to click through to your website, online shop or social pages, give them an incentive for doing so.For instance, you could say that clicking through and liking your social pages will enter them into a competition where they can win something, or will make them eligible to receive discounts, and so on. Such incentives will definitely increase your click-through rate.35. Spice Up Your ContentEven when your readers have opened and read your email, it’s the content that will drive them to click your links.Make your emails more engaging by combining text with multimedia. You can add images, GIFs, videos and thumbnails to your email.This will make the content more captivating and improve the likelihood of your readers clicking through to as you want them to.36. Make Your Emails InteractiveDon’t just share information or pass the message you want to pass and then ask your readers to click through.Instead, add content that makes the email more interactive, such as asking relevant questions and making it possible for your read ers to respond without necessarily replying to the email.37. Nail the Call to Action (CTA)A compelling call to action will win you higher clicks. If you want your readers to download an item, purchase a product, share that content on their social platforms, or click through to finish up an article, you need to ask them to do it.This is done using a nice CTA. For it to be effective, the CTA should be placed both near the top of the email and at the bottom of the email. This way, even those who do not get to the end of the email will still see the CTA.WRAPPING UPSending out emails and finding out that no one is opening, reading or clicking on them can be quite disheartening.However, with the 37 tips shared in this article, you can improve your email game and become one of the few marketers whose every email elicits the kind of response they wanted from their recipients.Remember, it’s all about treating your recipients as friends, creating a connection with them and providing them wi th value. If you keep that in mind, you are on your way to becoming an email marketing superstar.

Demand And Supply Of Oil Prices - 2413 Words

The sporadic nature of oil prices has over the years posed as a great deal of concern to economists, investors, financiers, consumers, analysts and other relevant stakeholders. In a perfect market, the price of a commodity is an indication of the present circumstances as well as future signals that could impact demand and supply. Ordinarily, we expect prices of commodities to move in response to changes that affect demand and supply at a relatively ‘normal’ rate. When prices change drastically within a short period and consistently over time, then such market is fraught with high volatility – a typical case of the crude oil market. A sudden increase in oil price becomes a concern for the consumer as it results into a reduction in his purchasing power; thereby struggling with allocation of income among competing demands. For an investor, high price volatility increases risk associated with the investment and also creates uncertainties. High volatility will impact the macroeconomic variables in an economy including but not limited to unemployment, inflation, consumption, investment and industrial output (Ebrahim, Inderwildi et al. 2014a). This paper seeks to evaluate oil price volatility by examining the trend of oil price from 1970 to 2013. Attempts will be made to explain the causes and root factors influencing price changes. Finally, a view on whether oil price volatility is inevitable will be established. Annual U.S. Imported Crude Oil Prices Nominal vs.Show MoreRelatedDemand And Supply Of Oil Prices1152 Words   |  5 PagesCrude Oil Industry is central to United State, its future and the world economy. Demand and Supply fundamentals have traditionally determined the price of crude oil. New price drivers have emerged with time. Complexity is on an increase in the oil market, having impact on the oil prices with a variety of factors. The fluctuation of oil price has reached an unprecedented level, with the world crude oil price widely swinging per barrel over the months. The prices reflect the crude oil price swingsRead MoreOil Prices: Demand and Supply1496 Words   |  6 PagesOil Prices: Demand and Supply The demand for oil has been predicted to increase despite the high price of oil. Sources of the demand for oil continue to increase with time worldwide. As countries industrialize and develop, their oil consumption increases together with their economy. Examples of countries that have their economy growing fastest and steadily are India and China. These two countries have their economy growing and the impact their economic growth has on oil demand is great. SomeRead MoreThe Effects Of Oil Prices On The Demand And Supply Of Oil1001 Words   |  5 Pagesthe demand and supply of oil, caused by politics, business changes and cycles, and technological advances, cause oil price volatility across world economies. These factors explain the fluctuations that the global oil industry has faced since early 1990s (Aasim, 2015: 5). The economic boom between 2003 and 2008 caused an increase in oil prices, especially in oil-consuming economies such as India and China. On the contrary, petrol expor ting nations could not match the high demands for oil. Oil pricesRead MoreOil Prices: Driven by Supply and Demand959 Words   |  4 Pages1. Oil prices are almost entirely driven by supply and demand. On the supply side, OPEC seeks to control the prices by virtue of controlling the output of its member countries, which are responsible for around one-third of the worlds oil production (OPEC, 2012). That OPEC can do this is facilitated by the fact that bringing new oil production online takes a long time. Thus, by setting output on a monthly basis, OPEC can control the supply. OPECs actions have a strong influence on prices becauseRead MoreSupply and Demand - Example of Oil Price1384 Words   |  6 Pageshttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7048600.stm Wednesday, 2 January 2008, 22:36 GMT What is driving oil prices so high? Oil prices have hit a record high at $100 a barrel. Prices have doubled from the rates seen in January 2007 and more than quadrupled since 2002. What factors are causing this unremitting increase and what are the likely consequences for consumers and the global economy? What is causing the latest price spike? This was triggered by concerns about violence in Nigeria and Algeria as well as theRead MoreThe Impact of Rising Oil Prices on the South African Economy in Relation to the Demand and Supply of New Motor Vehicles1172 Words   |  5 PagesOF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. 1 SUPPLY VS DEMAND 2 FINDINGS 6 PRIMARY FACTORS. 7 CONCLUSION. 7 REFERENCE. 9 THE IMPACT OF RISING OIL PRICES ON THE SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMY IN RELATION TO THE DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF NEW MOTOR VEHICLES. INTRODUCTION A continual upward trend in the price of crude oil in recent years has led to increasing concerns about its economic implications, both abroad and in South Africa. This study looks at the rising oil prices and their impact on the South AfricanRead MoreHow Oil Price Affect World Economy1292 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction The price of oil becomes the bone of contention recently. Oil price seems to be hitting new highs with the regularity of a metronome. It is a bad news for customers who have to pay more on it. More frightening still, this situation may get worse before it come back to normal. No one can exactly predict when the pendulum will soon swing back again since all uncertain factors existing. From the supply side of view, the OPEC is the main producer, being prepared to add or subtract productionRead MoreThe Core Concepts Of Economics1241 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The two factors Demand and Supply are the core concepts of economics. Demand states the quantity of a product one requires to fulfill his needs at particular price stand. On the other hand supply refers market offering of a product at specific price level. There are numerous constituents that affect the Demand of a product. For example Price, availability of alternative products in market, price of the alternative products, buyers’ income, buyers’ purchasing power parity, number ofRead MoreWhy The Price Of Filling Up Has Been Going Down1252 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: This article â€Å"Why the Price of Filling Up Has Been Going Down† written by Alan Neuhauser stated that back in 2012. The article analyse fighters with the Islamic State group have seized oil fields, huge swathes of territory and major cities in Iraq and Syria, threatening oil supplies. On normal situation, this is going to threaten markets as it is threaten the supply of oil. Despite of the global unrest the prices at the pump in US are currently at their lowest levels in the year ofRead MoreThe Economic Impact On The Economy995 Words   |  4 PagesOil is a huge part of everyone’s everyday life. From transportation to heating homes and businesses, oil prices are always dramatically changing due to the constant change of supply and demand. The economic impact that the price of oil has on the U.S economy continues to rise and fall due to political instability. Americans especially have a heavy reliance on oil, especially on foreign origins. The increasing price of o il has spiked large concerns and has become a major global debate. Many sources

How to Conjugate the Verb Camminare in Italian

Some definitions of â€Å"camminare† include: To walkTo functionTo progress What to Know About â€Å"​Camminare† It’s a regular verb first-conjugation verb, so it follows the typical -are verb ending pattern.It’s an intransitive verb, so it does not take a direct object when conjugated using the auxiliary verb â€Å"avere†.The infinito is â€Å"camminare†.The participio passato is â€Å"camminato†.The gerund form is â€Å"camminando†.The past gerund form is â€Å"avendo camminato†. INDICATIVO/INDICATIVE Il presente io cammino noi camminiamo tu cammini voi camminate lui, lei, Lei cammina essi, Loro camminano Ad esempio: Di solito i bambini camminano per andare a scuola. - Usually the kids walk to go to  school. Il passato prossimo io ho camminato noi abbiamo camminato tu hai camminato voi avete camminato lui, lei, Lei ha camminato essi, Loro hanno camminato Ad esempio: Abbiamo camminato tutto il giorno! - We walked all day! L’imperfetto io camminavo noi camminavamo tu camminavi voi camminavate lui, lei, Lei camminava essi, Loro camminavano Ad esempio: Giovanna non camminava bene, doveva appoggiarsi a un bastone. - Giovanna was not walking properly, she had to use a stick. Il trapassato prossimo io avevo camminato noi avevamo camminato tu avevi camminato voi avevate camminato lui, lei, Lei aveva camminato essi, Loro avevano camminato Ad esempio: Non avevo mai camminato su questo sentiero. - Ive never walked on this (mountain) path. Il passato remoto io camminai noi camminammo tu camminasti voi camminaste lui, lei, Lei cammin essi, Loro camminarono Ad esempio: I bambini non camminarono molto, perchà © erano troppo stanchi. - The kids didn’t walk much because they were too tired. Il trapassato remoto io ebbi camminato noi avemmo camminato tu avesti camminato voi aveste camminato lui, lei, Lei ebbe camminato essi, Loro ebbero camminato TIP: This tense is rarely used, so don’t worry too much about mastering it. You’ll find it in very sophisticated writing. Il futuro semplice io camminer noi cammineremo tu camminerai voi camminerete lui, lei, Lei camminer essi, Loro cammineranno Ad esempio: Ci camminerà ² da solo. - I’ll walk there by myself. Il futuro anteriore io avr camminato noi avremo camminato tu avrai camminato voi avrete camminato lui, lei, Lei avr camminato essi, Loro avranno camminato Ad esempio: Avrà   camminato per ore. - He must have walked for hours. CONGIUNTIVO/SUBJUNCTIVE Il presente che io cammini che noi camminiamo che tu cammini che voi camminiate che lui, lei, Lei cammini che essi, Loro camminino Ad esempio: Peccato che l’orologio non cammini pià ¹. - It’s a shame that your watch doesn’t work anymore. Il passato io abbia camminato noi abbiamo camminato tu abbia camminato voi abbiate camminato lui, lei, Lei abbia camminato essi, Loro abbiano camminato Ad esempio: Penso che il suo bambino abbia camminato dall’età   di un anno.- I think that his kid walked on his own at one year  old. L’imperfetto io camminassi noi camminassimo tu camminassi voi camminaste lui, lei, Lei camminasse essi, Loro caminassero Ad esempio: Non volevamo che camminassi qua, quindi abbiamo noleggiato un auto. - We didn’t want you to walk, so we rented a car for you. Il trapassato prossimo io avessi camminato noi avessimo camminato tu avessi camminato voi aveste camminato lui, lei, Lei avesse camminato essi, Loro avessero camminato Ad esempio: Sono stanco, mi sento come se avessi camminato tutto il giorno. - I’m tired, I feel like as if I’ve walked all day. CONDIZIONALE/CONDITIONAL Il presente io camminerei noi cammineremmo tu cammineresti voi camminereste lui, lei, Lei camminerebbe essi, Loro camminerebbero Ad esempio: Ci camminerebbe, ma mi ha detto che sta male. - She would walk there, but she told me that she’s sick. Il passato io avrei camminato noi avremmo camminato tu avresti camminato voi avreste camminato lui, lei, Lei avrebbe camminato essi, Loro avrebbero camminato Ad esempio: Avrei camminato ore per vederti ancora. - I would have walked for hours to see you again.

The Black Man and Langston Hughes Free Essays

The term identity is defined by Webster’s dictionary as being â€Å"the state or fact of remaining the same one or ones, as under varying aspects or conditions† however in exploring the concept of Identity in black literature, we can find no definite explanation or definition. We can try to accept that it has been rooted in social situations that are generally more discriminatory, such the institution of slavery. In some way shape or form, the average or normal African American is confronted with the question of where do I fit in amongst the white society? The problem with African American Identity has many dimensions, such as community, class, and color. We will write a custom essay sample on The Black Man and Langston Hughes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reality of the African American is one that is inescapable in America. Color which is inherent in the concept of self, manifest in race consciousness. This is extremely significant because an African American establishes his identity with other individuals, known or unknown, on the basis of a similarity of color and features, that allowing the individual to be included in groups membership, â€Å"the subject of his self identity. After the African Americans began to search for their identity looking through heritage, tradition, and folk traditions. Langston Hughes to me has been nourishing the black sensibility and inspiring it to create Afro American literation and transforming it into a â€Å"literature of struggle. † The poetry of Langston Hughes has the theme of â€Å" I, too sing America† He made extraordinary contributions to American literature and has came to be regarded as a leading voice in the Renaissance of the arts in the 1920’s. Hughes growing up asked the same question to himself of who he was, his lack of identity in society, which put a large impact on his mind and soul and made him a poet of the blacks. Hughes developed a distinct movement of â€Å"negritude† which may be regarded as the soul of the Renaissance. Rising from the consciousness of his skin color and passing through various stages of identification with people and territory of Africa, and finally grounding it in the American Past. Negritude â€Å"in the poetry of Hughes evolves into a definite and enduring concept expressive of definite vision. He Hughes doesn’t suffer from what W. E. B Dubois terms as a double consciousness. â€Å"Two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings, two warring ideals in one dark body. † Search for identity seems to be a vital aspect in the work of Langston Hughes. The identity of an American black citizen was denied to him and there was a loss of identity which a modern man living in the 20th century experiences. The Black people of America are American, the African and Black Americans are at the same time. Africa which is thought to be homeland for blacks, was dealt with by Langston Hughes, who missed the natural beauty of Africa and dreaded being caged in the mayhem of civilization. He searched his roots back in Africa. Primitivism had already become a fascinating alternative for people for people not interested in the 2nd industrial revolution. It gave new meaning of going back to the roots and ones identity. The poem â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† is an example of the of the urge and need of the Negro to go back to his own land to find ethnic connections. The poet says: I’ve known rivers: I’ve known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. In the poems entirety the rivers symbolize the glorious past, which have been flowing since humanities inception. So the African who has known rivers cannot be rootless or without past. Hughes also established a definite identity between the Blacks of America and the continent of Africa which he states in his poem called â€Å"Negro† I am a Negro: Black as the night is black, Black like the depths of my Africa. I’ve been a slave: I’ve been a worker: I’ve been a singer: All the way from Africa to Georgia I carried my sorrow songs. It was not easy to just up and go back to Africa. It became the dreamland for the poet, a country in which he could escape into when he finds life difficult to cope with. The poet to me seemed widely aware of misery, frustration, and isolation which to him is something that other blacks are facing. This epiphany of his leans him to the universal significance and appeal to the poets treatment of black life in America. His retreat into African is not a romantic escape from realities of life, but it provides a point of view to look at the realities of the life of black people in America. To say the blacks were treated horribly by white Americans is an understatement, they were compared to beasts and were treated accordingly. The black man was lynched, maimed and burnt, while the black woman was raped and desecrated. Lynching of the black on the charge of raping a white woman was one of the most commonplace events. Fear to the race and hatred, for the black was a common behavior of the white masses. The treatments to the blacks becomes evident in the following lines of â€Å"I, too sing America† I, too, sing America. I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong. Hence the stanza shows that the black worker doesn’t find any place in the heart of the whites. He is sent to the background by the company bosses who are indifferent towards the blacks. The African American feels lonely in the northern city where there are large The Negro feels lonesome in the northern city where there are a large number of people, yet he still feels lost in the Poem â€Å"One† he relates his profound sense of isolation Lonely As a bottle of licker On a table All by itself. The whites don’t permit the political freedom to the blacks. Blacks are deprived of their basic necessities of life. They don’t have a proper place to live in. Their miserable condition is shown in the poem â€Å"Vagabond† Who have nowhere To eat. No place to sleep, The tearless Who cannot Weep. In this the blacks are alien on their own land. The blacks want a chance to eek out a decent living and have equal rights across America. Langston Hughes says â€Å"undemocratic doings take place in the shadow of the world’s greatest democracy† The blacks have no right to participate in the political affairs. Langston Hughes poetry is also preoccupied with the social problems faced by the blacks. Man is called a social animal. Blacks are not given the equal place in the society. The poet shows this inequality in the poem â€Å"Merry Go Round† the social whites have no sympathy even for a young black child. He has to sit in a segregated section. Hughes writes: Colored child at carnival: Where is the Jim Crowe section On this merry-go-round, Mister, cause I want to ride? Down South where I come from White and colored Can’t sit side by side. Thus the merry go round is a metaphor for America. It is a kind of Satire on the American Society which we know as a free Society. A clear picture of the exploitation of the blacks is presented that cultural, social, and psychological space has been denied to them. Hughes never forgetting the images he has seen growing up, he has grown up shell shocked. He can clearly make out the contradiction of principles, for America was a democracy, but for the Negroes, America was fighting for a free and equal world. One where Jim Crow was eradicated, however he understands that the flame of freedom can not be extinguished by lynching and imprisoning blacks. From all this it become evident that Langston Hughes deals with the racial discrimination, lack of identity in the society and lack of freedom for the blacks. His aim and ultimate effect of his poetry is raising awareness and strengthening of the black people in their struggle for freedom in America. He was proud of his Afro-American legacy and tradition. He forcefully projects the theme of identity in his poems. He not only inspires the black to make it to the top but more than that he evokes a vision of a just society. works sited Georgene Seward, Psychotherapy and Culture Conflict (New York: Ronald Press, 1956), p. 129. Arthur A. Schaumburg’s â€Å"The Negro Digs up his Past†, in Alain Locke’s The New Negro, pp. 931-37. Jay Saunders Redding, To Make a poet Black (Washington:McGrath, 1969), p. 3. James A. Emanuel, Langston Hughes (New Haven: College and University Press, 1967), pp. 148-162. W. E. B. DuBois, The Souls of Black Folk (New York: New American Library, 1969), p. 45. Langston Hughes, â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers. † Selected Poems (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 4. Langston Hughes, â€Å"Negro. † Selected Poems (New York:Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 8. Langston Hughes, â€Å"I, too, Sing America. † Selected Poems (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 275. Langston Hughes, â€Å"One. † Selected Poems (New York:Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 92. Langston Hughes, â€Å"Vagabonds. † Selected Poems (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 91. Langston Hughes, â€Å"The Big Sea† The Collected Works of Langston Hughes ( New YorkJoseph Mclauren, 1979) Volume 13 P 165 Langston Hughes, â€Å"Merry-Go-Round. † Selected Poems (NewYork: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 194. How to cite The Black Man and Langston Hughes, Papers

Charles Drew Biography free essay sample

Charles Richard Drew was born on June 3, 1904 in Washington D. C. He was born to a middle- class family. His father, Richard Drew was a carpet layer, and his mother Nora Burrell was a grade school teacher. Drew’s family lived in Foggy Bottom, a neighborhood in D. C. , after relocating from Pompano Beach, Florida, where he attended elementary and junior high. As a child Drew was showed to be quite athletic. He won a variety of medals for swimming, and later even more in other sports such as: football, basketball, and other sports. After graduating from his local high school, Dunbar High, he was awarded the James E.  Walker Memorial. Now with his full scholarship, Drew attended Amherst College in Massachusetts. While there Drew went on to lead the track team as the captain and to the nationals, become the MVP of the baseball team, as well as, the star quarterback in which he went all-American. He also was a national high hurdles champion. Along with his athletics, Drew was also an academic scholar. Not only did he make honor roll every year while attending Amherst, but he was also admitted into Omega Psi Phi, a Greek organization which promoted high grades, scholarships, and athletics. After graduating from Amherst in 1926 with his Bachelor’s degree, Drew was unable to go back to medical school because of financial issues. As he tried ways to gain the money he became a teacher and coach at Morgan University. After two years of working there, he had enough money to put himself through medical school. But, due to America’s strict rules against African Americans going to medical school, Drew was denied access. In 1928, Drew applied and was enrolled at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. While attending McGill, students, scholars, and professors quickly noticed the work ethic and dedication of Drew. After proving himself to be a top student with nonstop hard work, and easily winning a prize in neuroanatomy, Drew was the first African American inducted into the Alpha Omega Alpha, a national medical honor society. Later that year, Drew began experimentation with blood transfusions and blood storage. After five years of studying and research Drew graduated from McGill, second in his class in 1933. Along with the latter, Drew earned both Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery degrees. After finishing up with school, he did an internship and residency at the Royal Victoria Hospital. Drew continued to research blood  transfusions, and after about three months came into contact with John Beattie. After working together for some months, they analyzed the problems for completing a blood transfusion and issues with storing blood. After a couple of more months they came to the conclusion that blood could not me stored but plasma could. But, before they could work on it further tragedy struck. Drew’s father, Richard Drew Had pad passed. After the death of his father, Drew returned to the United States. He worked at Howard University and later that year filed for his surgery residency at Freedman’s Hospital in his hometown, Washington D.  C. After marrying and settling down, Drew again went back to graduate school. He received the Rockefeller Fellowship award to Columbia University and was educated at the Presbyterian Hospital. While studying he met John Scudder. Together they made a way to sustain blood plasma. He found out that plasma could be stored longer than regular blood. He also found out that just by adding water to the plasma, that they could make blood whenever they needed it. This was important, especially during the time such as World War II. His research in â€Å"Banked Blood† is what he submitted for his doctrines. In addition to his thesis expanded knowledge of plasma storage, Drew was named the â€Å"Father of Blood Banks. † Also, during WWI Drew was asked to head the â€Å"Blood for Britain† organization after their stored blood quickly dwindled due to spoiling and use. He modernized this by teaching the doctors how to change blood into plasma. He also was the lead helping cause due to him constantly overseeing shipments of lifesaving equipment to the wounded during the war. After, finishing his work with Britain he soon worked on another program; this one would come to be known as Red Cross. This, would not last long though. It seems as though as soon he started the project he forfeited it. It was widely due to the fact that the military demanded segregated blood. After months of countless of arguing and complaining about segregation laws, Drew called a press meeting where he resigned. There he stated, â€Å"I refuse to run a corrupt, racist, and un-American organization. † After resigning from American Red Cross in 1941, Drew started back teaching at Howard University. Not long after he was the first African-American to be admitted into the American Board of Surgeons. He got a job at Freedman’s Hospital and was one of the developers of Howard’s surgery program. In 1943, Drew was also given the Spingarn Medal, which was a life time achievement award. After a decade of accomplishments and higher level jobs Drew died in a car accident in 1950, on April 1. Being that Charles Drew is from my hometown, he means more to me than just some historical figure. He is a prime example of someone who actually made something out of his life from where I was born. His mere historical significance should be enough for anyone who ever said they cannot do something to reconsider. Another thing being we both are athletes but came to college for academics. He showed that when you call yourself a student-athlete, student comes first. Lastly, being that I want to help people, he showed anything is possible. He not only helped people throughout his lifetime, during WWI and the civil rights movements, but people of today too. His actions are still relevant and saving thousands of people every day. Without his work in blood storage and plasma millions of people would not have survived WWII and a lot people would not be alive today. Charles Drew is a hero. In conclusion, Charles Drew revolutionary man and worthy of praise.

Franz Ferdinand free essay sample

Franz Ferdinand is an indie rock quartet from Glasgow, Scotland and their amazing self-titled debut album is a must-hear. Franz creates a unique sound all their own with wild, pulsating guitar riffs, driving drum lines and catchy lyrics. Their stylish and artsy blend of sounds will have you dancing, rocking and begging for more. The CDs eleven tracks have a wide range of moods. Some are hectic and fun, while others are dark and mysterious. The first track, Jacqueline, is a tune that starts slowly and poetically, but becomes fast-paced. The last track, 40, is one of the more shady tunes. Another standout, Take Me Out, is their first single and a great example of their loud, modern side. Come on Home is about the downside of having a long-distance lover. It is one of my favorites, not only because of the story, but because of its hypnotic blend of keyboards and guitars. We will write a custom essay sample on Franz Ferdinand or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another favorite, Michael, is a sexy song about a club dancer. It will have you grooving along as lead singer Alex Kapranos pleads: So, come and dance with me. While already successful in their native United Kingdom, Franz Ferdinand is fairly new to the American indie rock world. Yet, already, critics have hailed their music as part of the comeback of the flu-wave genre. I recommend this album to any alternative rock fan. Franz Ferdinand is definitely a band for the newest generation of hipsters.

9 Ways to Buy Time on the SAT

9 Ways to Buy Time on the SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many students say their biggest problem on the SAT is running out of time. In this post, we’ll cover some basic time-saving SAT strategies. Strategies for All Sections Get familiar with the test ahead of time. Know the instructions and formulas provided so you don’t have to read them on test day. They won’t be different from what’s in the current blue book (The Official SAT Study Guide). This also provides the psychological advantage of comfort and visual familiarity on test day. Practice. There is a limited number of question types on the SAT, and if you do even a few practice tests, you’ll start to get used to them. PrepScholar uses extensive practice quizzes and real SAT practice tests to acquaint you thoroughly with the question types and the skills they test. But even if you don’t prep with us, make sure you practicea lot. Don’t second guess yourself. Indecision is the biggest time waster for many students on the SAT. After you eliminate a few wrong answers, which is much easier than picking the right one, check the question to make sure you know what you’re looking for and pick from what’s left. Don’t come back to the question until you’ve answered all the others. Strategies for the Reading Section Don’t read the passages. That is, don’t read them in full before you look at the questions. They all fall into one of five basic categories and have many things in common, so there aren’t a ton of surprises. We at PrepScholar recommend a skim of the passage rather than a full reading. Most of the questions require you to reread sections of the passage anyway, so you might as well get only the specific details you need rather than try to remember every aspect of the passage. Strategies for the Writing Section Don’t go for too much in the essay. There are examples in the blue book (the Official SAT Study Guide) of essays that got perfect scores using only one example. Many students think that the essay needs to be crammed with historical or literary information, but a personal experienceif it suits the prompt and your thesisis no less valuable. Focus on the structure and flow of the essay, as well as using specific details, and don’t worry about the quantity of academic information it contains. Don’t get sucked into analyzing weird sentences. The SAT loves to use awkward or outdated phrasing to make Writing questions more difficult. Often, students get totally bewildered and freak out. But these bizarre sentences are still trying to test the same Writing concepts as all the other questions, so you just have to strip away the nonsense and look for that number agreement or verb tense problem. Strategies for the Math Section Skip the ones that you don’t immediately understand. We’ve all had the experience of staring at a question for a full minute and thinking, â€Å"How the heck am I supposed to figure this out?† On the SAT, these questions must be saved until the end of each section. Every question on the test is worth the same amount, so the #1 priority is to get all the easy questions first. After that, you can start worrying about the harder ones. Even if the question isn’t technically hard, but you’re having trouble wrapping your mind around it, skip it and come back. If it seems too hard, look for an easier way. Many of the Math questions on the SAT are designed to waste your time if you’re not clued in to the specific set of shortcuts they use. Pythagorean triples, for example, can tell you the measure of the hypotenuse of a right triangle (when you know the base and height) without doing any calculations at all. You can figure it out using the Pythagorean theorem, but that’s wasted time. Learn the shortcuts. Pythagorean triples are only one kind of shortcut on the math section; there are many others, which you can learn from us (or other sources, of course). If you don’t bother to do this, you’ll almost definitely run out of time. The Bottom Line There are lots of ways to buy yourself more time on the SAT and thus improve your score, but the common denominator among them is time. You’ll have to spend some time in order to do it right. If you’re looking for a structured, online learning program that can help you manage the time you spend prepping for the SAT, check us out. If you’re not, I hope these tips helped you think about your timing and how to improve it. Liked that article? Download our entire guide to the SAT!: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Laura Registrato About the Author Laura has over a decade of teaching experience at leading universities and scored a perfect score on the SAT. 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Modern Shipping Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern Shipping Industry - Essay Example Even the applicability of privity of contract to the maritime contracts was established only after the court rulings in Tweddle & Atkinson [1861]1 and Thompson v Dominy [1845]2. Section 1 of the Bill of Lading Act was enacted to provide the right of suit to the consignee as well as the transferee of the Bill of Lading thus providing an exception to the privity of contract. However one major flaw was that the right of suit was made available only in respect of the conditions specifically and expressly mentioned in the Bill of lading. since the essence of Section 1 is to transfer the right of suit 'as if the contract contained in the bill of lading had been made with himself' . Thus made the section inoperative in those cases where the right of suit on reasons otherwise than on consignment or endorsement and this wording was adversely affecting the position of the Banks in whose favour the bills of lading were endorsed not giving them the right to sue. Under the circumstances where the Bills of lading were not able to be received by the consignees within such time the vessel reaches the destination, the buyer became the owner of the goods by producing a 'letter if indemnity'. As was decided in the case of The Delfini [19903] this act of becoming owner by delivery and 'not upon reason of consignment or endorsement' excluded the receiver's right to sue. The rulings in cases like The Aliakmon [1986]; where an endorsement was made in the Bill of Lading for the agent to take delivery on behalf of the consignee held that there was no transfer of property and in the case of The Aramis [1989]; since it was not possible to ascertain the specific goods consigned from a larger bulk, held that the property did not pass as laid down in Section 16 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, have subsided the effect of the Delfini case. Cessation of Liability of the Ship owner: The decision in the case of Grant v Norway [1851]4 provided for the cessation of liability of the ship owner to the endorsee or transferee of the Bill of lading in cases where the ship owner can prove that the goods were not actually shipped., section 3 of the Bill of Lading Act 1855 was enacted to provide that statements made in the bills of lading with regards to the goods shipped would be conclusive evidence of such shipment "as against the Master or other persons signing the same". However this provision did not provide the necessary remedy for the problem as the ship owners were inclined to take advantage of the courts reading the provisions of Section 3 literally, by applying the principle of estoppel in their favour. Hence section 3 of the Bill of Lading Act proved ineffective in solving the issues created by the case of Grant v Norway [1851]5. Coverage of the Bill of Lading Act 1855: One final issue concerning the Bill of Lading Act was that it generally covered only 'Bills of Lading' and not 'sea way bills' which were the order of the day during the last few decades with the containerization of the goods which was not covered by the old Act. Provisions of the UK Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992: Section 2 (1) (a) of the UK Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992, empowers the consignee to sue the carrier in contract, where the consignee is the

Hysteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hysteria - Essay Example The hysterical person claims one or more of many difficulties or disorders. These include: complete or partial inability to hear or see, prolonged periods of forgetting (amnesia), inability to sleep or sleep walking (somnambulism), loss of speech (aphoria), trances, muscular habits (spasms tics or tremors) and apparent epileptic seizures (idiopathic epilepsy), conversion hysteria in which metal conflicts re converted into physical symptoms such as paralysis, blindness and anesthesia, the fugus or flight, in which an individual becomes amnesic for personal past and multiple personality, in which individual's personality splits into two or more distinct personalities with dissociation of consciousness. Amnesia is a condition where the person cannot recall certain past experiences of his life. In functional amnesia, there is no brain damage as is found in some other forms. The forgotten material remains inaccessible to the person, but can be restored after treatment. Because the person cannot cope with this threatening material, there is repression so that it can be eliminated from the consciousness. Fugus states are characterized by a general amnesia for the person's entire past, including who he is and where he lived. This is associated with a flight (fugue) where the person wanders away from home and then days, weeks, and sometimes years later, finds himself in a strange place, not knowing how he got there, and not remembering about the period of fugue. In some cases, a person has lived away from his original home for ten or more years, starting a new occupation, building a family, only to "reawaken" later, missing his place of origin. In somnambulism, certain thoughts become so strong during sleep as to determine the person's behavior. The person rises and carries out some act. Like multiple personalities, there is some dissociation of some sub-system within the personality which is expressed during sleep and for which nothing is remembered during the waking state. Multiple personalities are rare. It is as if several parts of personality have not been successfully integrated so they become separated or dissociated from each other and the person frequently shifts from one to the other. There appear to be several complete systems of personality with each system having distinct emotional and thought processes, different from each other. When one personality is free and impulsive, another is inhibited and responsible. In conversion reaction, the person suffers from physical symptoms with o organic basis. It could be in the form of anesthesia (loss of sensitivity of some body part) where the person does not feel any pain or sensation in that part of the body. Diagnostic criteria for conversion disorder as defined in the DSM-IV are as follows: One or more symptoms or deficits are present that affect voluntary motor or sensory function that suggest a neurologic or other general medical condition. Psychologic factors are judged to be associated with the symptom or deficit because conflicts or other stressors precede the initiation or exacerbation of the symptom or de

Is Psychology a Science? Theories and Research Methods

Is Psychology a Science? Theories and Research Methods Is psychology a science? Discuss with reference to scientific method and bias in psychological research. Psychology can be viewed in a variety of ways as accords to the many schools of thought that pertain to psychology. From its origins in philosophy, psychology has undergone a variety of classifications. The major scientific paradigms born from philosophical enquiry were the school of empiricism and the school of rationality. Essentially, these two approaches dictated the direction that psychology must take if it was to be regarded as scientific. One of the first schools of thought in psychology was heavily concerned with its reputation as a scientifically validity enquiry. This was to be known as the behavioural approach to psychology or the behavioural perspective. The behavioural perspective was devised by Watson who used observation to determine evidence. As a consequence of according to the governing principles of objective scientific research, Watson rejected the notion of any internal psychological mechanisms as he believed that this could not be quantifiably measured (Miell et al, 2002). All Watson was interested in was the observable external phenomena, which meant the analysis of behaviour. Consequently, Watson placed an emphasis on psychology as primarily a learning phenomenon. A fundamental distinction that occurs within behaviourism is within this role of learning. Essentially, two approaches formed called classical and operant conditioning. Research into classical conditioning was defined by physiologist Pavlov who was also concerned with scientific analysis. Pavlov observed that in relation to certain stimuli dog’s behaviour could be conditioned through association (Miell et al, 2002). Using a dogs’ biological respons e to hunger, Pavlov was ble to scientifically demonstrate that there was a basic relationship between an observable stimulus and the animals learned response. Whilst in operant conditioning, Skinner was able to ascertain that there was a pre-conceived notion in the environment that led the animal to learn through a process of trial and error, which led to observable schedules of behaviour (Skinner, 1946/1990). In both classical and operant conditioning we can see that learning is defined as a scientifically observable and so provable modification of behaviour caused by association and manipulation of the environment. However, this approach clearly lacks greater insight into the role of the mind, its cognitive processes and also suffers from being based upon animal and not human studies. The cognitive approach addresses the human capacity to categorise, generalise and conceptualise certain phenomena. Primarily concerned with the functioning of the mind itself it engaged in the scientific analysis notions such as memory, perception and categorisation (Miell et al, 2002). Unhappy at the flaws in behavioural psychology, cognitive psychologist Bruner, devised a test to see how we mentally constructed categories. Unlike the objective approach of conditioning, Bruner suggested that this was an engaging intelligent procedure that was performed by way of hypothesis testing stages of acceptance and rejection based upon trial (Bruner et al, 1956). To be valued as scientific, a test involving a variety of shapes were used in a variety of conditions. Some of these conditions shared the same number of shapes, some the same colour of shape, whilst others shared the same number of borders. No two varieties were identical. From the results of this experiment, Bruner was able to sur mise that there were tw forms of cognition that had been present. Successive scanning, which tested one hypothesis at a time and conservative scanning, which sought to eliminate classes of hypotheses (Bruner et al, 1956). Unlike the behavioural approach, we can see from the findings and classifications of these studies that an attempt is being made to understand the intelligent human mind with regards to categorisation. However, categorisation is not accepted by everyone in the field of science and its objective validity does suffer from critical enquiry. For instance, addressing the empiricism versus rationalism argument, many have argued that the categories in the study are innate rather than learned (Chomsky Fodor, 1980). This strengthens the behavioural notion that the conceptual structure of the mind is open to interpretation, and so cannot be considered an entirely scientific approach to psychology. Another school of thought within psychology is that concerned with the social aspect. This is primarily interested in the role that social influence has on our behaviour. For instance, in the findings of a test put forward by Sherif, we can see the extent to which people will use the word of others and the resource of group norms to ascertain a truth about something. This is an important concept with regards to the influence of social norms as we can observe that our psychology is influenced by our conformity to social norms (Sherif, 1936). Similarly, a test devised by Asch revealed that conformity of an individual to a norm was indicative of individual identity (Asch, 1956). Similarly, research by Baron indicated that through a lack of responsibility that an individual felt to correct and deviate from a social norm an account could be made to configure their potential to conformity (Baron et al, 1956). Essentially, these tests revealed that the role of responsibility was based upon conscriptions o social norms, attitudes, beliefs and ideologies. However, these findings suffer from being based upon social norms and cultural constructs such as identities and beliefs and so cannot be considered universal, objective principles that would accord to the main scientific schools such as physics and chemistry. Another key school of thought is psycho-analysis and developmental psychology. Stemmed from Freudian theory, psycho-analysis and developmental psychology is concerned with the development of the subject’s personality in relation to underlying motives and mainly sexually based desires and conflicts (Freud, 1917/1973). Using a notion of base primordial drives, Freud put forward various schemas of development that dictated our personality and variations in our behaviours, such as conforming to social norms. The agents at work within these drives and the accompanying stages of development were commonly referred to as defence mechanisms. Defence mechanisms were put forward as being ways in which the subject could cope with the real and disturbing psychological issues that they had to face throughout life, such as anxiety and confusion. These mechanisms consisted of such concepts as denial, projection and regression and are commonly established psychological phenomena that infor the core rationale of developmental and psycho-dynamic paradigms (Freud, 1917/1973). Although these factors are well established concepts within mainstream psychology, they still depend upon a structural paradigm to be understood. Much criticism has come in the form of humanistic approaches who have suggested that these models of development are dependent upon the objectifying of the subject and that this approach is a convenient theoretical model rather than being scientifically accurate. Another school of thought is one that actually rejects objective science at its core. The phenomenological approach to psychological study is primarily based upon perception and subjectivity. Formed as a way of countering the empirical approach to psychology that had led to the field of cognitive psychology, phenomenological psychology suggested that knowledge was learned entirely from the external environment via lessons that were encapsulated in our experience (Merleau-Ponty, 1964). Detaching from the scientific notion of tabula rasa, which had dominated the opposing stance to the rationality of science, Merleau-Ponty looked at the notion of perception and in particular how it was informed by phenomena, rather than through observation of objects taken from their natural environment. Fundamental to this approach is the notion that everything we experience accords to the phenomena in which it is presented, and so objective science cannot tell us about our psychological experience. Th is approach most ertainly rejects psychology, as well as many other enquiries, as a scientific pursuit. We can see from these schools of thought that to call psychology a pursuit of objective scientific fact is flawed. However, we can also see that there is a strong emphasis in each case placed upon validity. Even the rejection of objectively defined scientific principles shown by the phenomenological approach gives indication that validity and limitation of enquiry are paramount, which is surely the premise of scientific analysis. Bibliography Asch, S, E., (1956) Studies of independence and conformity. Psychology Monologues, 70. Baron, R, S., Vandello, J, A., Brunsman, B. (1996) The Forgotten Variable in Conformity Research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 70. Bruner, J, S., Goodnow, J, J., and Austin, G, A., (1956) A Study of Thinking New York: John Wiley and Sons. Chomsky, N., and Fodor, J, A., (1980) Statement of the Paradox, in Piatelli Palmarini, M. (ed.). Freud, S., (1917/1973) Introductory lecture on Psychoanalysis. Harmondsworth; Penguin. Merleau-Ponty (1964) The Primacy of Perception London: Routledge Miell, D., Phoenix, A. and Thomas, K. (2002) Mapping Psychology 1. Milton Keynes, Open University. Sherif, M., (1936) The Psychology of Social Norms. New Yoprk: Harper. Skinner, B, F., (1946/1990) Walden Two London: Collier Macmillan. Cell membrane: Structure and purpose Cell membrane: Structure and purpose BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ESSAY: CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND PURPOSE Introduction Cell membrane is a biological barrier that separates the interior part of the cell (i.e. the Cytoplasm, nuclei and the other cell organelle) from the outer environment, thus permits cellular individuality and also gives shape to the cell. This membrane is a mixture of lipids, protein and carbohydrates, therefore is a complex structure. The membrane is semi-permeable and thus only allows selective ions and molecules to go through it into the cell or leave the cell. This is achieved by formation of concentration gradient across the membrane, which many biological processes depend upon. The movement of the biological molecules across the membrane is either passive, which happens without the input of cellular energy or active transport that requires the cell to use energy. The cell membrane also helps in maintaining cell potential. Proteins of the cell membrane form the essential component of the biological membrane since they function as pores, channels or transporters. Proteins thus have the capability of selective passage across the lipid bilayer. Some proteins that are embedded in the cell membrane act as molecular signals and therefore carry out communication. They act as receptors and receive signals from other cells or from the external environment and elicit a response in the cell. Some proteins function as markers which aid in identification of unknown cells. The membrane also aids in intercellular interactions. The lipid bilayer of the cell membrane is only a few nanometres thick and is not permeable to most molecules that are soluble in water, and hence acts as a barrier to regulate the transport of ions, proteins and other molecules through the membrane. Since the phospholipid bilayer is not permeable to many ions, it helps in the regulation of salt concentration and pH by regulating the pumping of ions in and out of the cell via proteins called ion channel pumps. The Fluid mosaic model is the most widely accepted biological membrane model that was proposed in the year 1972 by Singer and Nicolson. Floating in the phospholipid bilayer are molecules of protein, which is analogous to icebergs floating in a sea. The model is referred to as fluid because of the lateral motion of the bilayer macromolecules, and is referred to as mosaic because of the different molecular components [1][2][3][4]. Purpose of cell membrane Cell membrane performs the following functions: Membrane Transport of Small Molecules: Transport proteins present in the bilayer can transport polar molecules through the membrane. There are various types of membrane transport proteins: Uniport This simply moves the solute from one side to the other side of the membrane. Cotransport This system moves two solutes simultaneously across the lipid bilayer. They are two types of this transport-symport (solutes are sent in the same direction) and antiport (solutes are passed in opposite directions). These transports are come under the category of passive transport where no energy expenditure is involved. Here the solute moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration gradient. Examples of this include channel proteins, which allow the solute to pass if they are of a specific charge or size. Carrier proteins bind to the solute and help in its movement through the bilayer.[5] There are two main categories of transport of molecules are there in cells: Active transport Passive transport Small molecules like oxygen, ethanol and carbon dioxide pass through the membrane by simple diffusion (passive transport) down a concentration gradient. Transport of macromolecules like proteins, polynucleotides and polysaccharides is done by active transport using ATP, against the concentration gradient. There are two types of active transport : 1) Exocytosis Process by which waste substances are removed from the cell by vesicle formation and expulsion [6]. 2) Endocytosis- The molecule causes the cell membrane to bulge inward, thus forming a vesicle. Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis where the whole cell is engulfed. Pinocytosis is another type when the external fluid is engulfed. Receptor-mediated endocytosis occurs when the material to be transported binds to specific molecules in the membrane. Example: transport of insulin and cholesterol into animal cells [6]. Cell signalling across the membrane Transmembrane signalling occurs through the generation of a number of signals like cyclic nucleotides, calcium, phosphoinositides and diacylglycerol. Specific signals of neurotransmitters hormones and immunoglobulins bind to the specific receptors on the membrane, which are mostly integral membrane proteins. This is the Ca2+-phosphatidylinositol signalling pathway which plays a major role in transmembrane signalling in a large number of different cell types. This pathway leads to the activation of G-proteins. This initiates activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent formation of DAG and IP3 which triggers the generation of repetitive [Ca2+] spikes [7]. Intercellular intractions Gap junctions are structures that allow the small molecules that are up to ~ 1200 Da to be transported from one cells cytoplasm to the other. These structures contain proteins called connexins. Six connexins form a hemiconnexin and two hemiconnexins form a connexon. These connexions in the gap junction form cylindrical bridges through which substances are transported between cells [1][8]. The Fluid mosaic Model: This model is the widely accepted membrane model. The membrane has a biomolecular lipid bilayer layer. There are proteins that are inserted in it or bound to the surface. Integral membrane protein is the proteins that are embedded in the membrane they play a key role as transporters for various molecules that cannot enter through the cell membrane. The integral proteins have an extra-cellular domain and cytoplasmic domain and are separated by a non-polar region that holds it tightly in the membrane. Proteins that are loosely bound to the to the outer membrane are called the peripheral proteins. Many of the proteins that are present and almost all the glycolipids have an externally oligosaccharides chains that are exposed outside the membrane [1][9]. The membrane fluidity very much depends on the lipids concentration in the membrane. The hydrophobic chains of the fatty acids are much aligned therefore giving it a stiff structure. The transition(Tm) is the temperature at which the transition takes place from ordered to disordered state, this is the change that happens in the hydrophobic side chain. Cholesterol affects the fluidity of the membrane. It increases fluidity below Tm and decreases fluidity above Tm. Modifications to the fluid mosaic model state that the lipids and proteins in the membrane are not randomly distributed. Randomness occurs when interaction energy of these molecules are close to their thermal energies. Since interaction energies cannot be in a narrow range due to large number of interactions, there is very less chance for randomness to occur. Hence the model was found to be more mosaic than fluid [10]. The modified view of membrane model is shown in figure 7[10]. Specialised structures in the membrane: There are some special features in the membrane like lipid rafts, caveolae, tight junction, desmososmes, adherens junctions and microvilli. These are found in the recent years of research. Lipids Raft is the area in the membrane that has relatively higher concentration of cholesterol, sphingo-lipids and some proteins, than the other parts of the membrane. It plays a major role in cell signal transduction. This is under research that if we increase the amount of this and clustering them closely may increase the overall efficiency of the cell. Caveolae are special types of lipid rafts. Many of them have protein called caveolin-1 that is involved in the process. They were observed under electron microscope and were found to be flask-shaped. Proteins that are detected in this also play a role in signal transduction, example is insulin. Proteins found in this also play in role in folate receptor. This field is a growing interest for research. Tight Junctions are present on the surface of the membrane and their major function is to prevent diffusion of macromolecules between cells. They are present below the apical surface of the epithelial cells. They are made up of various proteins including occludin, various claudins and junctional adhesion molecules [1]. Desmosomes also called macula adherens are the specialised cell structures for cell to cell adhesion. Their function is to resist shearing force. They are mostly found in simple and stratified squamous epithelium [11]. Adherens junctions are the proteins that usually occur at cell- cell junction .They are made up of proteins like cadherins, ÃŽÂ ²-catenin, ÃŽÂ ±-catenin and sometimes delta catenin. Their function is to provide strong adhesion between adjacent cells. They hold the cardiac muscle cells firmly together as the heart beats and do not allow it to collapse [12]. Microvilli are very small finger like structures found on the cell membrane. They are mainly found on the epithelial cells, they increase the surface area of the cells therefore increasing the absorptive capacity of the cells. Actin filament extends from the end of these microvilli [13]. Components of cell membrane Cell membrane is a complex structure and is composed of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Different cell membranes have different compositions. Lipids Phospholipids: There are two major class of phospholipids out of which in the cell membrane the phosphoglycerides are the most commonly found ones. Phospholglycerides are esters that are made up of two fatty acids, phosphoric acid and a trifunctional alcohol. Phosphoglycerides with sphingomyelin have Sphingosine backbone instead of glycerol. They play a role in signal transduction. They are prominent in myelin sheaths [1]. Glycosphingolipids: These are sugar containing lipids that are present in the membrane. They have a backbone made of ceramides. These are amphipathic molecules consisting of a ceramide lipid anchor linked to an oligosaccharide chain of variable length and composition [1]. They are required for proper functioning of nervous system. Determining their function will help to understand neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, immune function and diseases of metabolism [14]. STEROLS The most import sterol in the membrane is cholesterol. Proteins in cell membrane Integral membrane proteins: also called intrinsic proteins t has its some part of the protein embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Most of these proteins have hydrophobic side chains that interact with membrane phospholipids fatty acyl groups. They are called transmembrane proteins if they one or more membrane spanning domains. The transmembrane proteins of the membrane spanning domains are made up of ÃŽÂ ± helices or multiple ÃŽÂ ² strands [8]. These proteins are made up of two hydrophilic and one hydrobhobic region. The hydrophobic region traverses through the bilayer. They are asymmetric in nature. The transmembrane region of many integral membrane proteins is made up of a bundle of hydrophobic ÃŽÂ ±-helices [7]. Their major role is as transporters, and are also structural membrane-anchoring domains. They function by transporting hydrophilic molecules through the membrane. Many Integral Proteins Contain Multiple Transmembrane ÃŽÂ ± lpha Helices [8]. Examples: Insulin receptor, Glycophorin, Rhodopsin, CD36 and GPR30. Peripheral membrane proteins: They are also called as extrinsic proteins; they do not interact with hydrophobic core of the membrane phospholipid bilayer. They are bound to the membrane by interaction with the intergral proteins or are bound to the bilayer outer lipids polar heads groups. They are only present in the cytosolic region of the cell membrane. They play an important role in signal transduction. Some peripheral proteins are localized to the surface of the plasma membrane, these are called exoplasmic proteins. Peripheral enzymes are involved in the synthesis of different membrane components like lipids , cell wall oligosaccharides , or proteins. Membrane peripheral proteins are of five types: Structural proteins, channel proteins, transport or carrier proteins, enzymes and receptor proteins. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are attached to membrane lipids and proteins as short oligosaccharide chains. Proteins attached with sugar molecules are called glycoproteins and lipids attached with sugar molecules are called glycolipids. The carbohydrates form a protective coat called glycocalyx around the cell, which helps in cell recognition. Glycoprotein Glycoproteins are formed by glycosylation of proteins. There are two types: N-glycosylation (sugar links to nitrogen atom of asparagines residue) and O-glycosylation (sugar attaches to hydroxyl group of serine or threonine rsidues). Examples of glycoproteins found in the body are mucins, collagens, transferrins, immunogloulins, etc. Glycolipids Glycolipids are lipids linked to oligosaccharide chains. Examples include glycosphingolipids which contain a hydrophobic ceramide, N-acylsphingosine and saccharides. They are generally located on the outer membrane surface. The composition of the carbohydrate chain depends on the type of the cell and development of the organism.[9] Refrences: [1] Harper [2] http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellMembranes.html [3] http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCELL2.html [4] http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobooktransp.html [5] http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/cell_membranes.html [6] http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/molecule_transport.html [7] Chay, Lee, Fan, 1995 Appearance of Phase-locked Wenchbach-like Rhythms, Devils Staircase and Universality in Intracellular Calcium Spikes in Non-excitable Cell Models [9] The Fluid Mosaic Model of the Structure of Cell Membranes Cell membranes are viewed as two-dimensional solutions of oriented globular proteins and lipids. S. J. Singer and Garth L. Nicolson [10] http://www.cytochemistry.net/cell-biology/membrane3.htm [11] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmosome [12] http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/J/Junctions.html [13] Krause J. William (July 2005). KrauseHYPERLINK http://books.google.com/books?id=cRayoldYrcUCpg=PA37HYPERLINK http://books.google.com/books?id=cRayoldYrcUCpg=PA37s Essential Human Histology for Medical Students. Universal-Publishers. pp. 37-. ISBN 9781581124682. Retrieved 25 November 2010. [14] ] Glycosphingolipid functions: insights from engineered mouse models, doi: 10.1098/rstb.2003.1268 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 2003 358, 879-883 [15] [16] Endosytosis image: http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Lecture_6 excoystoisis http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/science/lecture0805.htm figure 1 Gap junction pic: http://www.cytochemistry.net/cell-biology/membrane3.htm cell membrane pic http://www.microscopy.fsu.edu/cells/plasmamembrane/plasmamembrane.html